home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Space & Astronomy
/
Space and Astronomy (October 1993).iso
/
mac
/
TEXT_ZIP
/
jplnews
/
1361.ZIP
/
1361.PR
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-05-03
|
6KB
|
134 lines
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEMarch 29, 1991
Field tests have begun on an airborne system to map
wildlands fires being created for the U.S. Forest Service by the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Called Firefly, the system charts fires using an
infrared sensor flown on an airplane and transmits highly
detailed digital maps to firefighter camps on the ground.
The system is sensitive enough to spot a hibachi-sized
fire from an altitude of 10,000 feet, and is able to distinguish
fire hot spots and other zones of changing fire intensity. The
system is also capable of mapping very large fires covering
10,000 acres or more of forest or other wildlands.
While field tests continue in Southern California
desert and mountain areas this spring, a prototype of the Firefly
system will be turned over to the U.S. Forest Service for use
during the 1991 fire season, running from April to October.
Two final versions of the system will be delivered to
the Forest Service in 1992.
Firefly makes a great leap in speed and flexibility --
as well as in accuracy of the maps it produces -- over previous
systems used by firefighting agencies, according to Dr. J. David
Nichols, JPL task manager for Firefly.
Previous fire mapping systems produced a map image on
photographic film on the aircraft. Because of the delay involved
as the plane returns to the ground, as well as time consumed in
manual interpretation of the images, information conveyed to
firefighters is often three to six hours old.
Maps produced by older film-based systems also tend to
suffer from distortion around the edges of the field-of-view --
making it difficult to locate landmarks in the area of the fire
with certainty.
The Firefly system, on the other hand, is able to
transmit a highly detailed map -- with such landmarks as
firebreaks and waterways clearly placed -- to firefighters on the
ground within a few minutes.
Firefly scans the fire scene from the air using a
sensor called an infrared line-scan detector. The detector is
similar to digital sensors used in cameras on JPL's planetary
spacecraft.
Instead of measuring light in the visible spectrum,
however, Firefly's detector is designed to measure energy at
infrared wavelengths. Although invisible to the human eye, these
infrared wavelengths convey great amounts of heat from fires.
The Firefly detector produces infrared image data in
digital form that are processed by a computer onboard the plane.
The computer -- a ruggedized version of a desktop Macintosh -- is
able to determine exactly where it is looking on the ground bydrawing on a combination of navigation and elevation information.
The navigation system's position data come from
orbiting Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites via a special
receiver on the airplane. Designed and launched by the U.S.
Department of Defense, the GPS system provides marker signals
that allow Firefly to pinpoint the plane's position over the
Earth.
In addition, the Firefly computer draws on elevation
data -- highly detailed information about the altitudes of
various points on the Earth below -- from a U.S. Geological
Survey database.
As a result, Firefly is able to transmit an extremely
accurate map to firefighters on the ground within a few minutes
of passing over the fire, Nichols said.
Depending on the equipment on hand at the fire camp,
the maps can be printed out in color or using black-and-white
symbols to indicate fire intensity.
Each pixel, or picture element, in the final map
represents an area of about 45 feet. The accuracy of the system
is such that each pixel is within about 300 feet of the actual
position on the ground.
Firefly can map an area as large as 10,000 acres
without difficulty, Nichols noted. Fire bosses will use its maps
to help plan deployment of firefighters and equipment as a blaze
progresses.
Field testing of the prototype system is being
conducted from a turboprop plane flown from Mojave Airport in the
sprawling desert northeast of Los Angeles.
Initial tests will check Firefly's sensitivity and
accuracy as it measures small, controlled fires on the flat
desert in containers about the size of a backyard barbecue.
Other tests will be flown over the Tehachapi Mountains
between Palmdale and Bakersfield north of Los Angeles. In those
tests, the system will be used to measure small fires in
containers set against a variety of terrain.
In May, Firefly will also make test maps of
"prescribed" fires -- pre-planned fires set to burn off hazardous
dry vegetation.
JPL engineers will use results of the tests -- and
feedback from the Forest Service from its use of Firefly during
the 1991 season -- to shape the design of the final system, due
for delivery in fall 1992.
Apart from its chief role in firefighting, Firefly's
airborne infrared detector has other potential uses, Nichols
said.
The device can be used in forestry to chart areas of
diseased trees. When disease attacks a tree, the plant's
chlorophyll content changes and eventually the heat it radiates
is lessened.
Other potential uses for the system could include
mapping heat loss from buildings in residential areas, or
checking for hot water leaks in pipelines.
Although a hazard in the South and sometimes in the
eastern United States, fires in forests and other wildlands are
predominantly a menace to the American West -- particularly the
Rocky Mountains, the Northwest states of Oregon and Washington,
and Southern California.
In 1988, some 75,000 wildlands fires burned a total of
4.3 million acres of land in the United States. Combatting the
blazes called on the efforts of 26,700 firefighters from the
Forest Service and other agencies.
At JPL, Firefly is a task under the Laboratory's
Environmental Technology Program Office, managed by Dr. Minoo
Dastoor. Firefly's project manager at the U.S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service in Washington, D.C., is Dr. Mary Jo
Lavin.
#####
Note to Television Editors: A video clip is available to
accompany this story. Contact the JPL Public Information Office
at (818) 354-5011.
3-29-91 FOD